Soil,
It takes 500 years to form a 2cm layer
Soils Conference –
Soils Matter
Klaus Laienberger from Leitrim set up a soil conference in
Clargalway Castle this Monday just gone. He arranged the event with the help of
the National Organic Training Skillsnet (NOTS) who provide high quality, low cost training
for the expanding organic sector throughout the Republic of Ireland.
The event marks 2015 as the UN designated Year of Soils and
there was a long list of soil experts on hand to assess the important state of
soil quality not only in Ireland but globally too.
Soil really matters
Klaus tells us about the talk. “The main problem humanity is currently facing
is the degradation of our soils.”
And adds: “The world
population continues to increase while we destroy more and more topsoil. Every child could do the sums – there won’t
be enough fertile soil left to feed a growing world population.”
Here are some
disturbing facts:
- 24 billion tonnes of fertile topsoil are lost every year.
- Or 12 million hectares of topsoil are lost every year.
- 25% of the earth’s surface has already become degraded. This could feed 1.5 billion people.
- The UN FAO calculated that we have about 60 years of harvests left – and then?
“We are using the world’s soils as if they were
inexhaustible, continually withdrawing from an account, but never paying
in.”
More soil facts:
- Soil stores 10% of the world's carbon dioxide emissions.
- A fully functioning soil reduces the risk of floods and protects underground water supplies by neutralising or filtering out potential pollutants and storing as much as 3750 tonnes of water per hectare.
- It takes a long time for a soil to recover:
- Natural processes can take more than 500 years to form 2 centimetres of topsoil.
“We completely depend on our soils. Without soil the earth would be completely different. Apart from some algae, fungi, bacteria and
other microscopic creatures there would be no other life. We certainly wouldn’t be around.
So why does nobody care about the soil and why do so many of
us still call this precious substance “Dirt”?
How come these facts that were known for many decades were ignored by
scientists and the general public?
As a matter of immediate urgency we need to wake up to the
fact that our soils may just give up.
They had enough of the ill-treatment since industrial chemical farming
started.
However, there is a little glimpse of hope at the end of the
tunnel:
The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) have
declared the year 2015 as the International Year of Soils to highlight the
dangers we face.
Feed the Soil
The organic movement is also increasing throughout the
world. One of the key concepts of
organic farming is the care for the land and recognising that our soils are the
givers of life. They need to be kept
healthy and alive. Only a fertile soil can
produce healthy crops and only with healthy crops can we have healthy animals
and people. The mantra of organic
farming is ‘to feed the soil which in turn will feed the plant. The reverse is true for conventional farming
where the soil is considered just a medium on which plants grow and anchor
themselves. The soil is considered as an
inert sponge on which plants are force fed like being on a drip.
Over the last few decades our soils have suffered immensely
and are close to the brink of collapsing.
As a matter of urgency we need to learn how to care for our soils we
need to learn how to “bring soil back to life” as Alex Lavarde appropriately
called for.”
“Industrial farming has caused this degradation” says Klaus. “Amongst a few other factors, the use of
artificial fertilisers is one of the main causes for the degradation of
soils. If farmers and growers rely
solely on artificial fertilisers our soils will degrade. The reason for this is that artificial
fertilisers only do one thing. They
supply NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) in a soluble form which means
fast release. So they work quickly but
also cause damage quickly.
But soils don’t just need NPK. Soils need inputs of manure, compost,
leafmould, seaweed or green manures. If
you add any of these organic fertilisers you will enliven the soil in many
different ways. The billions of living
creatures that are in just on handful of topsoil need to be fed and only
organic fertilisers will provide this food.
Also by adding these bulky organic fertilisers the structure of our
soils will be improved. There will be
better drainage, water infiltration, less compaction, better water holding
capacity and importantly it will be easier to work the soil. If you think about it – through a change of
farming systems flooding could be controlled and wouldn’t that be much cheaper
than putting up concrete defence structures around our towns?
Artificial fertilisers don’t provide any soil services –
they literally just pump up plants.
As a matter of urgency we should give up using artificial
fertilisers immediately. They should be
treated by governments just like other dangerous substances and should be taxed
highly.
George Monbiot summarised this unnoticed danger:
“Almost all other issues are superficial by comparison. What
appear to be great crises are slight and evanescent when held up against the
steady but unremarked trickling away of our subsistence.” Klaus concludes.
