Why Compost? The Basics on Making a Start

 Compost ready to go....

Entrepreneurs are starting to see opportunities in other people's food scraps. At one time it was just the local councils who recycled your waste. Now individuals are paying householders a visit once a week to collect all of the perishable food waste and composting it.  The jury is out whether there’s any money in it but even if not, there’s a great opportunity for the individuals to have an abundance of compost for the garden.  It just doesn’t stop at food waste either. For example, Gareth Austin our local garden entrepreneur is collecting hair clippings from barbers in Derry with a view to bulk composting it and introducing it into the community gardens as a bulking and nutrition supplement. 

Composting

Composting is getting more common in households and for good reason. It’s an inexpensive, natural process that transforms your kitchen and garden waste into a valuable and nutrient rich food for your garden. It's easy to make and use but as a lot of people don’t have gardens there is still a need for a collection service to deal with the waste.

Benefits for your garden

If you do have a garden to feed, compost is a perfect  nutrient-rich food product for your garden and will help improve soil structure, maintain moisture levels, and keep your soil's pH balance in check while helping to suppress plant disease. It will have everything your plants need including nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and it will help buffer soils that are very acidic or alkaline. Compost improves your soil's condition and your plants and flowers will love it.

Setting up a bin

If you do get a notion to put in a compost bin, Ideally site it in a reasonably sunny spot on bare soil which makes it very easy for beneficial microbes and insects to gain access to the rotting material. It also allows for better aeration and drainage, both important to successful composting. Some use wire mesh under the bin to stop rodents getting in and some liquid might seep out of the bottom of the bin and stain paving both underneath the bin and sometimes around it. If this is likely to be a problem, then you should consider building a small raised bed filled with soil to put your compost bin on.

Liquid should be contained within the soil in the raised bed and you can always plant up around the bin to make it a feature. If you are putting your bin onto old paving and staining is not an issue, you will need to introduce the soil-dwelling organisms manually.

If space is limited and you don't have an out of the way corner in which to put your bin, you can screen it from view by using live plants, a trellis, bamboo or willow.

Making compost

Here's some information about what you can add to your bin to make the best compost. Aim for a balance of 50% greens and 50% browns in your compost bin to get the right mix. There are loads of different theories about what to compost and what not to compost, especially when it comes to cooked meats and bones. If in doubt, leave it out is my motto. 

'Greens’ are quick to rot and provide important nitrogen and moisture. Examples are :

 Animal manure with straw, Annual weeds (not seeding), Citrus peel, Coffee grounds, Comfrey leaves, Cut flowers,  Fruit peelings and pulp, Fruit seeds, Grass mowings, Hedge clippings, House plants, Nettles, Old bedding plants, Perennial weeds, Seaweed, Tea leaves and bags,  Urine, Vegetable peelings and pulp.

'Browns' are slower to rot, provide carbon and fibre and allow air pockets to form.

 Some examples are: Autumn leaves, Cardboard, Cotton towels, Egg boxes and shells, Evergreen prunings, Hair corks, Nuts, Paper bags, Sweetcorn cobs, used kitchen paper, Vacuum cleaner contents, Wood ash and Wool.

Here are some items frowned upon by the composting fraternity:  Bones, Bread, Cat litter, Cigarette ends, Dairy products, Disposable nappies, Dog faeces, Meat and fish scraps, Olive oil, Plastic and soiled tissues. Although I’d say most of these items have been in my bins at some stage with no ill effects (apart from the plastic)

Using your compost

You can check the compost is ready to use by seeing if it is dark brown and smells nice and earthy. It should also be slightly moist and have a crumbly texture.

It probably won't look like the compost you buy in the shops and it's very likely that yours will still have twigs and eggshell in it which to me is nicer to look at and they can always be sieved out if you need a finer mix for seedlings.

Using Moss and Coir Fibre to Soak up Oil Spills

Using sphagnum moss to soak up oil and fuel.

An acquaintance of mine had an unfortunate garden spillage of home heating oil the other day. It came from an incorrectly attached pipe after a boiler replacement and although it wasn’t enough of a spill to contact the EPA, it did still leave a mess.  There was no chance of run off into water or the garden as it was on concrete, but it did highlight just how quickly a natural disaster can happen.  It pays to have some form soaking up equipment to hand just in case something like this goes off without it being spotted quickly. There could have been 1000 litres of oil run into the soil from the tank within minutes and it’d take more than a bag of clay balls to soak that up.  The whole are would need to be cleared and replaced which could cost thousands of euro and if home insurance doesn’t cover you it’s be out of your own pocket.

I have a 25kg of the aforementioned clay balls and they can help to soak up oil from my strimmer of the drops of petrol that come from the mower. This clay resembles cat litter and will need to be mined.  There are a couple of other alternatives we can use now such as cut human hair or straw, but the most eco-friendly seems to be coir fibre.  It’s been used for years as a garden product but has particular absorbent characteristics.

Coir to absorb oil spills

Coir coconut fibre is an all-natural spill absorbent product. One source of the coir ‘greenness’ is the fact it’s made from an entirely renewable resource: coconut husks.

Though many absorbent products on the market today continue to use mined clay as their main ingredient, the need and demand for greener products has found coir to be the alternative.

Coir, at a microscopic level, has hollow channel structures. This forces hydrocarbon spills (like petrol or oil) to be trapped inside the spill absorbent product. Used coir holding fuel spills can be a fuel source for energy producing incinerators and  the coir is biologically stable and free of harmful micro-organisms; therefore, it provides a perfect environment for bio-degrading organisms to absorb the hydrocarbons. 

Coir is the most ecologically sustainable absorbent product ingredient available in certain countries but not here in Ireland as the shipping costs to the environment are huge.  So here at home I’d be more tempted to use something we produce ourselves in huge amounts locally. Sphagnum moss.

Absorbing oil with sphagnum moss

Peat moss, long known as a garden enhancer, hanging basket lining and believed by some to even have healing properties ( it was used widely in the wars to heal wounds), is now being promoted as the best and most ‘environmentally friendly’ way of cleaning up oil spills.

Like coir, the moss-based product cleans up and contains spills on land and water. Sphagnum moss can be used on a wide range of hydrocarbon and chemical spills outside and in the workplace, from diesel oil, petrol and brake fluid leaks, to paint, acetone and ink.

Not all peat moss is suitable for this use and the purification and dehydration of the product is vital for its effectiveness. The sphagnum moss does need some treatment before being ready and if it could be managed sustainably would be a perfect solution for us. The two largest suppliers providing the service in Norway and Canada have  processing plants to separate peat from inert materials, like soil and twigs, and then send it through a dehydration unit that reduces the moisture content to an average of only about 5 percent to 8 percent.

In that form, the peat is ‘activated,’ in that its natural capillaries are seeking to get filled back up.

 Since the dried capillary walls of the cleaned moss are primarily organic, they have an affinity for organic matter, like oil or hydrocarbon products like solvents.  The moss will absorb hydrocarbons and other organics before any water or inorganic matter due to this affinity. Once a hydrocarbon spill is pumped off to the greatest degree practical, the rest can be absorbed into the moss where it is encapsulated; it doesn't leach.

One of the big benefits of moss is that it provides a habitat for naturally occurring microbes which break-down hydrocarbons into organic carbon compounds.

The peat moss product can be strewn directly onto the oil floating in the water. It absorbs the oil on contact and encapsulates it. Water does not penetrate the peat moss, so the oil is trapped in a non-sticky crust which is easily removed from the surface of the water.

When peat is used to absorb a hazardous material, it would be subject to disposal laws and rules governing that hazardous material. But because crude oil will eventually biodegrade, the contaminated peat moss - with approval of local authorities, may be allowed to remain on site after a clean-up as part of the remediation making clean up an affordable necessity should an accident happen in your garden.

Bloom Postcard Gardens-Organic Growers Internship Programme-Daffodils

I have my 600kg pottery kiln up and running.  It’s taken the best part of three months to move it from its original pottery location, put it on the back of a lorry, have it delivered to the house and then get it wired up. 

As it cost about the same amount to fire the kiln up as it does to run about five immersion heaters constantly for three days I’m only firing the pots when I have a full load.  I did get the potter’s wheel a lot earlier than the kiln so I have had plenty of time to experiment making terracotta pots and thrown enough for the first firing which I did this week. So far no two pots are the same, mainly because I haven’t got the skill level to start a production line. My lad is optimistic; he says I have reached the professional level of a 5 year old. I’m happy with that for now.

I’m a bit laid up with a cold at the moment so I thought it a good time to see what’s happening later this year for the gardener.

Bloom Postcard Gardens

Bord Bia is now looking for people to design Postcard Gardens for the Bloom festival which returns to the Phoenix Park, Dublin, this June bank holiday weekend from May 31 – June 5.

The Bloom Postcard Gardens consist of small but perfectly formed 2m x 3m plots where amateur gardeners can create a showpiece representing their club, locality, or perhaps even a special person or character from their community.

The Postcard Gardens at Bloom offer passionate amateurs, garden clubs and communities, and GIY groups a chance to showcase their talents to over 100,000 visitors attending the event.

Applications are now open on the Bloom website and will close by 6th March. Contact Kerrie Gardiner for application details at kerrie.gardiner@bloominthepark.com or 086 130 4170 or visit www.bloominthepark.com’s exhibit section.

Apprentice Organic Growers sought for Internship Programme

Apprentice organic growers are being sought for an internship programme that will be run by the Organic Growers of Ireland next season.

The programme provides work experience on nine organic horticulture farms around the country. This is supplemented by workshops, farm walks and training days delivered by experts in the sector.

This work placement will involve a minimum of 30 hours a week of work over a six-month period on a well-established organic horticultural farm. The participants will be employed by the individual farms directly, and will be supported by a formal training programme funded by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine.

The programme works to stimulate the personal development and confidence of trainees in their ability to think for themselves and embrace new technologies.

The initiative sets out to help bridge the gaps of students who have completed horticultural courses, or have some practical work experience, and give them the confidence to start up their own horticultural enterprise, or take on the management of an existing horticultural venture.

Applicants should have either a Level 5 FETAC qualification in horticulture or a minimum of one year’s work experience on a farm.

A certificate of completion will be issued by the Organic Growers of Ireland on successfully concluding the work placement on the host farm, attending all workshops and farm walks, completing the 25-hour block course on organic principles, standards and certification as well as completing a written project on a chosen crop.

The closing date for applications is Friday, February 23. Further details are available from Noel on: futuregrowers1@gmail.com.

Bright colours are on the agenda for spring, the daffodils are opening up and at least giving me a bit of colour looking up the garden out of the window (did I tell you I have a cold?)  

Daffodils

You can pay a lot of money for daffodil bulbs. One called the ‘Causeway Sunset’ costs 80 euro each to buy. 

You can’t mass-produce daffodil bulbs, you have to plant a bulb and dig it up the following year and hope that the bulb has divided. The process is then repeated until you have built up a stock. The reason these bulbs are so expensive is because there were only ten to sell. There are 24,000 different daffodil bulbs that are registered at the RHS. 

Anyone can grow his or her own unique daffodil. Take the fluffy bit from the centre of a daffodil and use this to tickle inside the flower of another different type of daffodil and wait until the seeds are ripe. Grow the seeds and after four years of waiting patiently you will have a few bulbs that will produce original flowers. The reason for the 24,000 different types is that the slightest difference between flowers be it a slightly thicker stem or the head tilting a fraction more than another would make it different from any other. A bit like my clay pots.

Wildflower Strips for Farmers and Irish Moss

 Irish Moss

New varieties of vegetables appear every year. Generally they are so similar to the originals they go unnoticed but occasionally a new plant appears in the catalogues that catch my eye.  Browsing through this year’s seed catalogues a cauliflower type jumped out at me and it goes on the list of new plants to experiment with this season.  We have a few interesting cauliflowers already, the Graffiti F1 is a vivid purple , the Sunset F1 is bright orange and the fractal like Veronica 'Romanesco' type produces a head made of several 'spears' . This year we have the Chinese Sprouting plant which is eaten as sprouting stems, just like broccoli. Vibrant green stems are topped with a white floret. It’s not the prettiest variety, it looks like a ‘blown’ cauliflower when ready to harvest, but it’ll be a real treat for gardeners who like something different. 

There are a few veggie seeds we can plant now as well as cauliflowers: carrots, broad beans, tomatoes, cucumbers, some herbs, cabbage, broccoli and shallots can all go in.

Wildflower Strips

Research showing most farmers could slash their pesticide use without losses and a UN report came out recently denouncing the “myth” that pesticides are necessary to feed the world.

One solution on trial is to create long strips of bright wildflowers planted through crop fields to boost the natural predators of pests and potentially cut pesticide spraying.

A few test strips have been planted on 15 large arable farms in central and eastern England last autumn and will be monitored for five years, as part of a trial run by the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology

Concern over the environmental damage caused by pesticides has grown rapidly in recent years. Using wildflower margins to support insects including hoverflies, parasitic wasps and ground beetles has been shown to slash pest numbers in crops and even increase yields.

The idea for the strips to be in the middle of the field is an adaptation of an idea to put flowers on the perimeter of the field. It’s said the insects don’t go into the centre of the crops making them more effective.

Similar field trials are also underway in Switzerland, using flowers such as cornflowers, coriander, buckwheat, poppy and dill.  The majority of crop protection advice given is from agronomists tied to companies who make their money from selling pesticides. One team member said “There is a commercial drive and they will tend to take a prophylactic approach.” It’s hoped this strip method will eliminate pesticide use all together. 

One wild plant that appears to be suffering because of grass fertilizers, the loss of habitat or coastal management is “Irish Moss” Which has seen numbers decline rapidly in the last few years.  This plant isn’t actually Irish as such and also isn’t moss.

Sagina subulata – Irish Moss

This plant is a perennial also known as pearlwort is a mat-forming species which in Ireland is now confined to rocky open coastal heathy grassland. There are 20 or so varieties but the one I am looking at – called ‘Subulata’ can be used as a groundcover for the garden in much the same way chamomile is used for making a lawn alternative or an attractive rockery plant.

Species description

It is a member of the campion family, which apart from the showy carnations, pinks and campions, includes a number of smaller, weedier species. There is a procumbent pearlwort (Sagina procumbens), which may be commonly found on pavements and also can be invasive in a lawn.

The rosettes of heath pearlwort that now only reside along the North coast, also form low cushions, but with attractive pure white starry flowers on hair-like flower stalks arising from around the margins. By comparison the Sagina subulata is welcomed in the rockery, lawn and between paving stones. Other names are awl-leaved pearlwort, is more descriptive as the short linear leaves have a bristle-like point at the tip.

Flowers are presented from June to August — long enough to attract insects to cross-pollinate plants, but despite its showy flowers, little nectar is produced and they receive few insect visitors. Instead, flowers automatically self-pollinate. Seeds may persist for years in the soil.

Sowing

The BSBI Atlas2000 project highlighted the apparent disappearance of this species from many of its former sites along the north coast; this includes often-visited sites such as the Giant’s Causeway which is a good enough reason to plant a few seeds.

I bought and planted some of the tiny subulata seeds last autumn. I’m pleased to say they are growing well and I am going to do my own field test for a year to see if they are a worthy, practical addition to the garden for making small lawn alternatives. They will be up against the lawn chamomiles for durability and hardiness which is a hard act to follow.